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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Monin–Obukhov similarity theory ： ウィキペディア英語版 Monin–Obukhov similarity theory Monin–Obukhov (M–O) similarity theory describes non-dimensionalized mean flow and mean temperature in the surface layer under non-neutral conditions as a function of the dimensionless height parameter, named after Russian scientists A. S. Monin and A. M. Obukhov. Similarity theory is an empirical method which describes universal relationships between non-dimensionalized variables of fluids based on the Buckingham Pi theorem. Similarity theory is extensively used in boundary layer meteorology, since relations in turbulent processes are not always resolvable from first principles. An idealized vertical profile of the mean flow for a neutral boundary layer is the logarithmic wind profile derived from Prandtl's mixing length theory, which states that the horizontal component of mean flow is proportional to the logarithm of height. M–O similarity theory further generalizes the mixing length theory in non-neutral conditions by using so-called "universal functions" of dimensionless height to characterize vertical distributions of mean flow and temperature. The Obukhov length ($L$), a characteristic length scale of surface layer turbulence derived by Obukhov in 1946,〔 is used for non-dimensional scaling of the actual height. M–O similarity theory marked a significant landmark of modern micrometeorology, providing a theoretical basis for micrometerological experiments and measurement techniques. == The Obukhov length == The Obukhov length $L$ is a length parameter for the surface layer in the boundary layer, which characterizes the relative contributions to turbulent kinetic energy from buoyant production and shear production. The Obukhov length was formulated using Richardson's criterion for dynamic stability. It was derived as, $$ L=-\dfrac\dfrac} where $\backslash kappa\backslash approx\; 0.40$ is the von Kármán constant, $u\_$ * friction velocity, $Q$ turbulent heat flux, and $c\_p$ heat capacity.〔 Virtual potential temperature $\backslash theta\_v$ is often used instead of temperature $T$ to correct for the effects of pressure and water vapor. $Q$ can be written as vertical eddy flux, $$ Q=\rho c_p \overline with $w\text{'}$ and $\backslash theta\_v\text{'}$ perturbations of vertical velocity and virtual potential temperature, respectively. Therefore the Obukhov length can also be defined as, $$ L=-\dfrac}\overline} The Obukhov length also acts as a criterion for the static stability of surface layer. When , the surface layer is statically unstable, and when $L>0$ the surface layer is statically stable. The absolute magnitude of $L$ indicates the deviation from statically neutral state, with smaller $|L|$ values corresponding to larger deviations from neutral conditions. When $|L|$ is small, buoyant processes dominate the production of turbulent kinetic energy compared with shear production. By definition, under neutral conditions $L\backslash rightarrow\backslash infty$. The Obukhov length $L$ is used for non-dimensionalization of height $z$ in similarity theory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Monin–Obukhov similarity theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.